Surface preparation-related causes
Rough surfaces cause rough results. If you’re only interested in knowing roughly how hard a part is, a rough surface will work. But if you’re inter- ested in accurate, consistent test re- sults,
always test a shiny surface. Even though the Rockwell method begins its hardness measurement beneath the surface of the part, the inherent vari- ability of a rough surface can and will cause inconsistent results.
Surface coatings or hardened layers also can provide deceptive results. If you want to test the hardness of a coating or surface layer, use a load/indenter combination that will ensure that the measurement is taken in the coating or layer. Remember the 10X rule: the thickness of a part or coating must be 10X greater than the maximum depth of penetration. On the other hand,
if you are interested only in the hardness of the substrate and not that of the coating, the coating or surface layer must be removed using a suitable surface preparation technique.
https://www.asminternational.org/do...416b-8f06-4ac5-8511-244aa5fc54c0/HTP00403P023