Searching for the ice axe that killed Leon Trotsky!

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Oct 11, 2017
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The assassination of Leon Trotsky on August 20, 1940 may have been the most famous assassination of the century... the elaborate plot to kill him involved the NKVD (Soviet intelligence) and an unlikely assassin. The murder weapon was a shortened ice-climbing axe that disappeared for the next 65 years. The link below will take you to a detailed article I've written on the assassination and the ice-axe. It will be displayed publically in 2019 at the new International SPY Museum in Washington, DC.

Article: https://www.dropbox.com/s/udc97buwx... ice-axe - with photos 22 MAR ver 2.docx?dl=0

1ZG8m0I.png
 
Such intrigue. Great article and read into a part of history, how Leon Trotsky died, I did not know. I just knew the Soviets got him.
 
It was a multi-year plot that involved treachery, deceit, and two seductions. Trotsky had five American bodyguards standing against the might of the entire Soviet intelligence service. It is ironic that the iconography of the ice axe has stood long after the ideas of the assassin and victim have been forgotten.
 
Thanks for your kind words and positive feedback... it has been a fascinating search with lots of blind alleys and wrong turns. One of the keys to establishing provenance was a blood rust pattern on the blade of the axe when I found it. It was the remnants of bloody fingerprints that were visible in an an enlarged photo of Gen. Manuel Nunez holding up the axe in 1940. The existing blood rust pattern exactly matches the photo and was one of three data points used to establish provenance. After the assassin, Ramon Mercader, served his 20 years in a Mexican prison, he returned to Moscow to a hero’s welcome, and in 1965 a solid gold watch was presented to him by the Politburo... it is engraved to him in his operational name, “agent Lopez”. I obtained the watch in Moscow from Mercader’s niece (daughter of his brother Luis). It will be on display with the axe in the new spy musuem building in early 2019.
 
That's an interesting story that corrects a misconception I had after reading somewhere about the "ice pick" said to be the murder weapon (without a photo). I had assumed they meant the spike with a small wooden handle:

gainsborough10776-1.jpg



About how the "ice axe" was found, the additional details in this recent news story were also interesting:

"...he had authenticated the artefact beyond doubt and by several methods. There is a paper trail confirming that it passed into Salas’ possession. It bears the stamp of the Austrian manufacturer, Werkgen Fulpmes, a detail that was not made public; it is of the same dimensions as those recorded in the police report and it still bears the rust mark left by assassin’s bloody fingerprint, identical to the one in the photograph from the 1940 press conference."

from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/trotsky-ice-axe-murder-mexico-city


An earlier article from 2005 describes how Trotsky's grandson wanted Ana Salas to give the "ice axe" to a museum, following her announcement that she had it in her possession. She reportedly declined to donate it to the museum, saying she was looking for some financial benefit from it.

"One of the most notorious murder weapons in modern history, the ice-pick that killed Leon Trotsky, appears to have been found, 65 years after it was apparently stolen from the Mexican police. The daughter of a former secret service agent claims she has the steel mountaineering instrument, which is stained with the blood of the Russian revolutionary...
Trotsky's grandson Seva Volkov, who lived with his grandfather at the time and still lives in Mexico, is willing to provide samples for a DNA test against the blood on the handle only if Salas donates the pick to the museum in the house where the murder took place.
But she said: "I am looking for some financial benefit. I think something as historically important at this should be worth something, no?"


from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/16/past.russia


So I'm interested in how this was authenticated "beyond doubt". The evidence listed in the Guardian article consists of:

(1) a paper trail leads to Salas' possession
(2) the "ice axe" has the stamp of manufacturer Fulpnes, which was not public knowledge
(3) it has the same dimensions as in the police report
(4) it has rust marks identical to those seen in the 1940 photo

Some background to my upcoming question: At this axe forum, we hear about fakes made to fool collectors. To make a few hundred dollars, some people will take a plain axe head (from the same period) and painstakingly duplicate the elaborate embossing and other details found on a collectible axe. This effort is done for a gain of just a few hundred dollars, compared to the thousands of dollars that I presume the historic Trotsky "ice axe" is worth.

So my hypothetical question regards the possibility (or not) of a duplicate "ice axe" being made in Mexico to fool the American buyer, with the original being sent to a higher bidder in Russia for a private collection squirreled away somewhere.

It's not so far-fetched-sounding as some "true life" spy stories. The paper trail exists for the possession of the authentic weapon. The profit motive seems to be there. Details that are not public knowledge (like the manufacturer) would be irrelevant, since the original would be on hand to copy. The same dimensions (as in the police report) could be duplicated by starting with a similar model "ice axe" found for sale on an auction site (see example below). And, the rust marks could be passably copied since the authentic "ice axe" would be on hand for duplication (even easier than trying to duplicate from a newspaper photo).

Here are photos from an online auction site, for a similar ice axe that could make a good starting point for a faked Trotsky "ice axe" (complete with the stamp of the same maker). This item was sold in 2015, obviously too late for the scenario, but it's evidence that these specific ice axes are still available.

s-l1600.jpg


s-l1600.jpg


s-l1600.jpg



Is there any proof of the provenance that couldn't be duplicated, as in this scenario?
 
AP News from 2005:
"She is considering selling the foot-long mountaineer’s icepick, but hasn’t decided on a price..


Associated Press, updated 7/11/2005
MEXICO CITY — One of history’s most infamous murder weapons, the icepick police believe was used to kill Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, has resurfaced just weeks before the 65th anniversary of his assassination.

Tests to authenticate the weapon have been delayed by a dispute between the current owner, who may hope to sell it, and Trotsky’s grandson, who wants it for his museum — evidence of the ongoing struggle between socialist ideals and capitalism.

The icepick is in the hands of Ana Alicia Salas, whose father apparently removed it from an evidence room while serving as a secret police commander in the 1940s. She is considering selling the foot-long mountaineer’s icepick, but hasn’t decided on a price...


from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8543908/ns/world_news/t/icepick-used-kill-trotsky-resurfaces


This news from 2005 was also covered by the BBC, the Guardian, etc.
By going public, with international news coverage, it looks like the message is, "Make an offer."
Surely this was noticed by collectors and other interested parties in Russia and elsewhere.


Here's a 2005 video of the news story from the AP Archive:


http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/f2c38423c6fb595b05ff3a5b86554408
 
That's an interesting story that corrects a misconception I had after reading somewhere about the "ice pick" said to be the murder weapon (without a photo). I had assumed they meant the spike with a small wooden handle:

gainsborough10776-1.jpg



About how the "ice axe" was found, the additional details in this recent news story were also interesting:

"...he had authenticated the artefact beyond doubt and by several methods. There is a paper trail confirming that it passed into Salas’ possession. It bears the stamp of the Austrian manufacturer, Werkgen Fulpmes, a detail that was not made public; it is of the same dimensions as those recorded in the police report and it still bears the rust mark left by assassin’s bloody fingerprint, identical to the one in the photograph from the 1940 press conference."

from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/trotsky-ice-axe-murder-mexico-city


An earlier article from 2005 describes how Trotsky's grandson wanted Ana Salas to give the "ice axe" to a museum, following her announcement that she had it in her possession. She reportedly declined to donate it to the museum, saying she was looking for some financial benefit from it.

"One of the most notorious murder weapons in modern history, the ice-pick that killed Leon Trotsky, appears to have been found, 65 years after it was apparently stolen from the Mexican police. The daughter of a former secret service agent claims she has the steel mountaineering instrument, which is stained with the blood of the Russian revolutionary...
Trotsky's grandson Seva Volkov, who lived with his grandfather at the time and still lives in Mexico, is willing to provide samples for a DNA test against the blood on the handle only if Salas donates the pick to the museum in the house where the murder took place.
But she said: "I am looking for some financial benefit. I think something as historically important at this should be worth something, no?"


from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/16/past.russia


So I'm interested in how this was authenticated "beyond doubt". The evidence listed in the Guardian article consists of:

(1) a paper trail leads to Salas' possession
(2) the "ice axe" has the stamp of manufacturer Fulpnes, which was not public knowledge
(3) it has the same dimensions as in the police report
(4) it has rust marks identical to those seen in the 1940 photo

Some background to my upcoming question: At this axe forum, we hear about fakes made to fool collectors. To make a few hundred dollars, some people will take a plain axe head (from the same period) and painstakingly duplicate the elaborate embossing and other details found on a collectible axe. This effort is done for a gain of just a few hundred dollars, compared to the thousands of dollars that I presume the historic Trotsky "ice axe" is worth.

So my hypothetical question regards the possibility (or not) of a duplicate "ice axe" being made in Mexico to fool the American buyer, with the original being sent to a higher bidder in Russia for a private collection squirreled away somewhere.

It's not so far-fetched-sounding as some "true life" spy stories. The paper trail exists for the possession of the authentic weapon. The profit motive seems to be there. Details that are not public knowledge (like the manufacturer) would be irrelevant, since the original would be on hand to copy. The same dimensions (as in the police report) could be duplicated by starting with a similar model "ice axe" found for sale on an auction site (see example below). And, the rust marks could be passably copied since the authentic "ice axe" would be on hand for duplication (even easier than trying to duplicate from a newspaper photo).

Here are photos from an online auction site, for a similar ice axe that could make a good starting point for a faked Trotsky "ice axe" (complete with the stamp of the same maker). This item was sold in 2015, obviously too late for the scenario, but it's evidence that these specific ice axes are still available.

s-l1600.jpg


s-l1600.jpg


s-l1600.jpg



Is there any proof of the provenance that couldn't be duplicated, as in this scenario?
That's an interesting story that corrects a misconception I had after reading somewhere about the "ice pick" said to be the murder weapon (without a photo). I had assumed they meant the spike with a small wooden handle:

gainsborough10776-1.jpg



About how the "ice axe" was found, the additional details in this recent news story were also interesting:

"...he had authenticated the artefact beyond doubt and by several methods. There is a paper trail confirming that it passed into Salas’ possession. It bears the stamp of the Austrian manufacturer, Werkgen Fulpmes, a detail that was not made public; it is of the same dimensions as those recorded in the police report and it still bears the rust mark left by assassin’s bloody fingerprint, identical to the one in the photograph from the 1940 press conference."

from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/trotsky-ice-axe-murder-mexico-city


An earlier article from 2005 describes how Trotsky's grandson wanted Ana Salas to give the "ice axe" to a museum, following her announcement that she had it in her possession. She reportedly declined to donate it to the museum, saying she was looking for some financial benefit from it.

"One of the most notorious murder weapons in modern history, the ice-pick that killed Leon Trotsky, appears to have been found, 65 years after it was apparently stolen from the Mexican police. The daughter of a former secret service agent claims she has the steel mountaineering instrument, which is stained with the blood of the Russian revolutionary...
Trotsky's grandson Seva Volkov, who lived with his grandfather at the time and still lives in Mexico, is willing to provide samples for a DNA test against the blood on the handle only if Salas donates the pick to the museum in the house where the murder took place.
But she said: "I am looking for some financial benefit. I think something as historically important at this should be worth something, no?"


from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/16/past.russia


So I'm interested in how this was authenticated "beyond doubt". The evidence listed in the Guardian article consists of:

(1) a paper trail leads to Salas' possession
(2) the "ice axe" has the stamp of manufacturer Fulpnes, which was not public knowledge
(3) it has the same dimensions as in the police report
(4) it has rust marks identical to those seen in the 1940 photo

Some background to my upcoming question: At this axe forum, we hear about fakes made to fool collectors. To make a few hundred dollars, some people will take a plain axe head (from the same period) and painstakingly duplicate the elaborate embossing and other details found on a collectible axe. This effort is done for a gain of just a few hundred dollars, compared to the thousands of dollars that I presume the historic Trotsky "ice axe" is worth.

So my hypothetical question regards the possibility (or not) of a duplicate "ice axe" being made in Mexico to fool the American buyer, with the original being sent to a higher bidder in Russia for a private collection squirreled away somewhere.

It's not so far-fetched-sounding as some "true life" spy stories. The paper trail exists for the possession of the authentic weapon. The profit motive seems to be there. Details that are not public knowledge (like the manufacturer) would be irrelevant, since the original would be on hand to copy. The same dimensions (as in the police report) could be duplicated by starting with a similar model "ice axe" found for sale on an auction site (see example below). And, the rust marks could be passably copied since the authentic "ice axe" would be on hand for duplication (even easier than trying to duplicate from a newspaper photo).

Here are photos from an online auction site, for a similar ice axe that could make a good starting point for a faked Trotsky "ice axe" (complete with the stamp of the same maker). This item was sold in 2015, obviously too late for the scenario, but it's evidence that these specific ice axes are still available.

s-l1600.jpg


s-l1600.jpg


s-l1600.jpg



Is there any proof of the provenance that couldn't be duplicated, as in this scenario?

Hi Steve... my answer to your questions appear to be too long for the reply box... it limits a repsonse at 10,000 characters. I'll attempt to post it as a separate entry.
Keith
 
Hi Steve... thanks for taking the time to send such an interesting reply. You pose an interesting question(s) regarding the axe's provenance. I considered your points, and many others during, the three years between Ana Alicia's 2005 press conference and my acquisition of the axe in 2008. I'll share with you some additional points that weren't included in my original post or article for reasons of space.

(1) The axe itself: There have been multiple fakes of "Trotsky murder axes" over the years... and presently there is one on display at the KGB Museum in Prague. Most of the fakes have plausible stories that accompany them, but quickly fall apart under examination. The "Trotsky axe" on display in Prague purports to come from the wife of Leonid Eitingon (codename TOM) who was in charge of the overall assassination plan (codename UTKA) in Mexico City. They cite Eitingon's role accurately, but offer no explanation as to how ice axe ended up in Moscow in the unlikely possession of TOM's wife, and then somehow meandered to Prague. Furthermore, the Prague axe isn't even a good fake, is from the wrong manufacturer, has a different profile, and is the incorrect length.


The correct Murder axe is marked "Garantie Werkgen Fulpmes" and was produced in the small Austrian village of Stubai circa 1928. Though there have been many climbing axes produced by Fulpmes, this one model is seldom seen.... in my searches on eBay and in climbing magazines over the past 20-30 years, I've only seen two other examples become available. I purchased them both. The profiles of the many axes from Fulpmes also vary, and the stamp used to impress "Garantie Werkgen Fulpmes" into the metal is distinctive and uses different fonts than those pictured from eBay example. The word EXTRA was not part of the maker's imprint on the correct Trotsky axe. Additionally, coloration of the wood on the haft of the axe from eBay is incorrect. The Trotsky haft is of a much lighter wood with significant grain showing. My two other examples of the 1928 model I’ve obtained both have the correct, lighter color. Unfortunately the flash bulbs used for the 1940 photo washed out the wood grain in the picture, or it could also be used for comparison.


83MFNdF.jpg



Details of the manufacturer's mark were not publically released in 1940. Suspiciously, Trotsky's supporters stole the police file in 1943 (supposedly to preserve it), and released a portion of the name only in an obscure London bulletin around 1976. In the late 1990’s it was referenced once in a privately printed book (The Saga of Leon Trotsky) by my late friend Harry Mahoney. The info from the bulletin fueled my search in the late 1970’s and helped me avoid mistakes along the way.


(2) Paper trail: The Salas axe has a documented history. It was shown once by General Nunez at the press conference on 20 AUG 1940, and then again at the assassin’s 1943 trial. Afterwards it was returned to the evidence room. In 1946 there is a written form and receipt from Ana Alica Salas’s father, a captain in the Mexico City police, checking it out of the evidence room. He maintained possession of the axe for a number of years while operating the Museum of Criminalistics within the Mexico City PD. The small internal museum was used to teach criminology and crime solving within the department, similar to how New Scotland Yard uses their “Black Museum” for internal instruction. There is a photo of the Trotsky axe on display among his exhibits in the museum, circa 1953. In 1963, the axe was presented to Captain Salas at his retirement. For the next 40+ years it remained under the bed of his daughter (Ana Alicia).


(3) Blood-rust: After Ramon Mercader (alias Frank Jacson) struck the fatal blow on the afternoon of 20 AUGUST 1940, two guards rushed into the room and beat the assassin’s face until he was near death. It will likely never be known if the bloody fingerprints on the axe were from Trotsky, Mercader, or one of the guards. Fortunately when the police arrived at Trotsky’s villa at 1800 that evening they preserved the evidence. Over the years the fingerprints turned to rust. For comparative photography of the rust and original photo I tuned to a retired special agent and forensic examiner that was in charge of the FBI’s Special Photo and Questioned Document Lab. The axe was positioned and photographed to duplicate the original picture and then analyzed. His analysis showed that it was a match. Every spec of rust on the blade in the area being compared was consistent with the fingerprints on the original. To the exclusion of any other reasonable possibility, the Salas axe and the axe photographed in 1940 are the same.


Summary: Based upon the obscurity of the base axe, and the rarity of information identifying it, together with a paper trail going back to 1946, and the additional match of the blood rust/fingerprints, I’m comfortable that it is the original murder weapon.


I hope that this answers your questions….


Keith
 
...Summary: Based upon the obscurity of the base axe, and the rarity of information identifying it, together with a paper trail going back to 1946, and the additional match of the blood rust/fingerprints, I’m comfortable that it is the original murder weapon.


I hope that this answers your questions….


Keith

Thanks for the additional information. I can appreciate the amount of "due diligence" that was involved.

I have no doubt that Ana Alicia had possession of the original murder weapon. The *potential* for subsequent doubt involves what could have happened between her international publicity in 2005 ("she...hasn't decided on a price") and your acquisition in 2008.

Looking at what's theoretically possible, I think that a passable forgery could probably have been made, especially when the original is at hand (as a model to copy) and the eventual verification process is limited to comparison with a photograph (e.g., the rust pattern). If the exact model/year of Fulpmes ice axe could not be found, the forgery would just take some more work. Surely the details like the color of the wood, or what's stamped into the steel, would not stop a skilled forger.

The hypothetical scenario doesn't even require Ana Alicia to be dishonest. Suppose that after the 2005 publicity, the ice axe was stored somewhere off premises for safekeeping. Someone else could have arranged for the forgery to be made, returned the fake one, and then sold the original (with the buyer in on the secret).

But this is all hypothetical, largely in response to the article saying the provenance was "beyond doubt", as I did see some potential for doubt. Perhaps that was just a typo, and it was supposed to be "beyond reasonable doubt". The hypothetical scenario may be straying into "unreasonable" territory, I admit.

In the end, after your investigations, you are "comfortable that it is the original", and that carries a lot of weight. Thanks for sharing the story.
 
The simple proof would be to compare the blood DNA with a surviving Trotsky descendant. The odds of there being two axes with Trotsky's blood on them is astronomically remote.
 
Thanks for the additional information. I can appreciate the amount of "due diligence" that was involved.

I have no doubt that Ana Alicia had possession of the original murder weapon. The *potential* for subsequent doubt involves what could have happened between her international publicity in 2005 ("she...hasn't decided on a price") and your acquisition in 2008.

Looking at what's theoretically possible, I think that a passable forgery could probably have been made, especially when the original is at hand (as a model to copy) and the eventual verification process is limited to comparison with a photograph (e.g., the rust pattern). If the exact model/year of Fulpmes ice axe could not be found, the forgery would just take some more work. Surely the details like the color of the wood, or what's stamped into the steel, would not stop a skilled forger.

The hypothetical scenario doesn't even require Ana Alicia to be dishonest. Suppose that after the 2005 publicity, the ice axe was stored somewhere off premises for safekeeping. Someone else could have arranged for the forgery to be made, returned the fake one, and then sold the original (with the buyer in on the secret).

But this is all hypothetical, largely in response to the article saying the provenance was "beyond doubt", as I did see some potential for doubt. Perhaps that was just a typo, and it was supposed to be "beyond reasonable doubt". The hypothetical scenario may be straying into "unreasonable" territory, I admit.

In the end, after your investigations, you are "comfortable that it is the original", and that carries a lot of weight. Thanks for sharing the story.

Hi Steve.... if my article ever said the provenance was “beyond doubt”, that would be incorrect. In searching my original article on the axe that I provided the link to, however, I don’t seem to turn up those words. Please tell me where you saw that quote, so that I can correct it. I’ve learned in life to avoid absolutes.... I have much more comfort with the tempered phrase “beyond reasonable doubt”.

I also made three trips to Mexico City in 2005-2007 and examined and photographed the axe on each occasion. As such, I was also able to capture details of the wood grain each time which provide another area of comparison. It is a shame that the original 1940 photo so overexposed details of wood-grain in the haft. The axe I acquired in 2008 was the same axe I examined in 2005.

Thanks again for your comments... if you’d ever like to discuss it further, you are welcome to contact me at: hkmelton@mac.com.

Keith
 
Hi Steve.... if my article ever said the provenance was “beyond doubt”, that would be incorrect. In searching my original article on the axe that I provided the link to, however, I don’t seem to turn up those words. Please tell me where you saw that quote, so that I can correct it. I’ve learned in life to avoid absolutes.... I have much more comfort with the tempered phrase “beyond reasonable doubt”.

I also made three trips to Mexico City in 2005-2007 and examined and photographed the axe on each occasion. As such, I was also able to capture details of the wood grain each time which provide another area of comparison. It is a shame that the original 1940 photo so overexposed details of wood-grain in the haft. The axe I acquired in 2008 was the same axe I examined in 2005.

Thanks again for your comments... if you’d ever like to discuss it further, you are welcome to contact me at: hkmelton@mac.com.

Keith
The "beyond doubt" phrasing was in the 2017 Guardian article that I quoted in an earlier post:

Melton said he had authenticated the artefact beyond doubt and by several methods. There is a paper trail confirming that it passed into Salas’ possession. It bears the stamp of the Austrian manufacturer, Werkgen Fulpmes, a detail that was not made public; it is of the same dimensions as those recorded in the police report and it still bears the rust mark left by assassin’s bloody fingerprint, identical to the one in the photograph from the 1940 press conference.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/trotsky-ice-axe-murder-mexico-city
 
Thanks Steve for the response. I felt confident that the phrase didn’t appear in one of the books or articles i’ve written. The Guardian reporter made an overstatement.... it was likely well intentioned, but in error.

The one point I’m surprised you didn’t comment on, and to me the “big news” in the article, was the existence of the remotely locked garden gate at the Trotsky residence. Discovering (and confirming) the presence of this remotely controlled lock finally explains why the ice axe was selected by Mercader as the assassination weapon... and not the pistol or dagger.

Keith
 
Very kind of you to share this meticulously researched information with us. Truth is stranger than fiction! For sure I wouldn't want someone to determinedly smack me in the forehead with such an axe, despite it not having a 'weighty' head! Heaven forbid the trimmed handle had been 4 - 6 inches longer.
An exploration geologist with Geological Survey of Canada sent me the exact same (shape and profile) one of these 'axes' 32 years ago in hopes that I could re-attach (weld) the broken upper strap. I wasn't successful and gave the tool back to him. I do recall 'Stubai' being stamped on the head and clearly remember that the handle was hammer length and w/o a metal tip. All these years I thought it was some old school geology tool/hammer/pick until I read your article.
 
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