"Survival Rifle" is really somewhat misleading. If you meant a rifle picked out beforehand to meet most of your expected needs, it could be almost anyting. If, on the other hand, you meant a rifle that you could throw into your pack and have in case of a true emergency, that would be a whole different animal.
I have a Savage 24F in 30-30/12, and an M-6 Scout in .22 Hornet/.410. The 24F is more a foraging rifle, in that I would take it on a hunting/food gathering expedition. The M-6, on the other hand, is small enough that I could easily add it and a fair amount of ammo to my pack in case of emergency and not notice the extra weight. Or, if I were expecting to have to live off the land for some time, I would take my 10-22 and lots of different types of ammo, to meet different needs. Any of these would/could be a survival rifle, depending on the needs of the moment. So first YOU have to decide what you need the rifle to do, and then which rifle to pick will be obvious.
But, if I had to go with one rifle for evermore, it would be the 10-22. With Quik-Shoks and 30 round mags, it would be a passable self-defense rifle out to 100 yards, as well as being able to take a deer at the same range. With CB Longs, it is as silent as a pellet rifle while being more potent. And plain-Jane Federal bulk-pack ammo costs amazingly little, and works well on a large variety of game. You could carry LOTS of .22 without undue encumberance, and that would mean a lot to someone living out of a pack.